Definitely looks like aphids...although you might have some issues with fungus as well. The bugs should be easy to deal with. Just mix a solution of neem oil and Dawn dish soap or "black soap" and heavily spray the tree, making sure to hit both the tops and bottoms of leaves and every nook and cranny of the trunk and stems. I usually mix about a teaspoon of neem oil to a pint of hot water, and a half teaspoon of soap. Put the soap in after the water, or you will have a sudsy mess.
As for the fungus, someone else can hopefully answer that one. I live in a dry climate, so thankfully have not had to deal with that one.
You may very well lose all the leaves, but I have found bougainvillea to be pretty resilient. Just slow down on watering until it fully recovers. I would say wait to water until the soil is mostly dry.
Good luck!!!