Time, timing and species also has a lot to do with this.
Time is really the only thing that is going to close wounds. It can take a while. Cut paste can help keep the wound from drying out--which is what's happened to your trees. Carving out or reducing the deadwood to living tissue can help. Re-wounding the live edge of the callus can stimulate more callus. By re-wounding, I mean do a light cut on the callus with an x-acto knife or similar sharp blade, taking off enough callus to exposed the green cambium, but no more.
Timing chops to early spring can also help, as the tree has more time to produce callus tissue before cold weather sets in. Trunk chops in fall or late summer won't have time to do that.
Species can also matter. Some species close wound slower than others. I have a very large collected oak that is just now finishing closing a large chop wound made 30 years ago. I have a cedar elm that has a similar size chop made at approximately the same time that closed its wound two decades ago.