The science of air-layering

I have a question similar to the maple one above. I started an air layer on a 'mystery elm' a couple months back. The 1 inch section where I removed the bark has completely calloused over but formed no roots yet. Should I re-cut to again separate the bottom of the callous mass from the cambium layer, or just wait? I'm guessing it bridged and I need to re-cut.

elm layer.jpg
 
This is a fantastic summary Thank you! Will put to good use. Attempted this on some trees this June. Hope to have some roots soon but its not looking good!

I tried using those black half spheres filled with wet sphagnum but it wasnt truly air tight. Not sure if my failure was with lack of water or not getting through to the sapwood.
 
Thanks for this great info!! I did a Spring air layer on a Japanese maple - it's now approaching fall and I think it needs more time - there are some very fine roots, but it doesn't look robust. Is it OK to keep it going thru winter? South Central PA zone 7a. Any special prep to protect it over winter?
THanks!
 
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